英语语法梳理【总结】

一:名词

二:限定词

三:形容词

四:动词

动态构成谓语部分,谓语的构成由,实义动词,助动词(修饰实义,构成否定,疑问,时态),情态动词(修饰实义,构成情绪)。

1. 实义动词

能单独构成谓语
like,go 实际含义,是实义动词
is,are,系动词,表示“是” 的含义。(am,is,are表示“是”的系动词,是实义动词,但作为助动词使用时,没有实际的含义)
have 表示“有”,实义动词。(也可以作为助动词,表示时态)

2. 助动词be,do,have

如果be,do,have作为助动词时,不能单独做谓语,与实义动词连用用于构成各种时态,语态,语气,否定,疑问。

  • be
    am,is,are,was,were,been,being
    I am studying English. //am做助动词,构成正在进行

  • do
    does,do,done
    I do not like English.//do做助动词,构成实义动词的否定

  • have
    has,had,having
    I have studied English for 3 years. //have作为助动词,构成完成时态

3. 情态助动词

不能单独做谓语,与实义动词连用,情态助动词有其自身的词汇意义。表示可能(may),建议(shall),能力(can),必须(must),愿望(will)等,表达说话者对某种行为或者状态的看法或者态度。

  • 情态动词
    can,could,may,might,shall,should,will,would,must

  • 与上述情态动词作用一样的短语
    be able to,be going to,ought to,be supposed to ,have to ,have got to

  • 可以是情态,也可以做实义动词
    need,dare

句子类型

句子的类型划分,其实可以只是分为两类:陈述句(一般陈述,陈述否定,陈述疑问,其中,否定,疑问由助动词构成),特殊疑问句

1. 陈述句

陈述句的否定

否定,是对谓语部分做否定。

  • 实义动词做谓语,否定由do做助动词
    I like English
    I do not like English

  • 系动词做谓语,系动词+not
    he is a teacher.
    he is not a teaher.

  • 情态动词与实义复合谓语,否定在情态助动词
    he can swim.
    he can not swim.

陈述句的疑问(一般疑问句)

  • 实义动词做谓语,疑问有"do"倒装做助动词
    I like English.
    Do you like English?

  • be动词做谓语

    He is a teacher.
    Is he a teacher?

  • 情态动词做谓语

    He can swim.
    Can he swim?

2. 特殊疑问句

特殊疑问句是在一般疑问句的基础上,将要发出疑问的部分用who,what,which,when,why,how代替,然后将其放在句头。
常见的特殊疑问词:what,who,whoes,where,when,which,why,how,how much,how many,how often,how many times

  • 示例一
    he can sing in Enghlish.
    can he sign in English? //一般疑问
    who can sign in English? //特殊疑问,在一般疑问的基础上,将要问的人hewho代替,然后提到句头.

  • 示例二
    I like English.
    do you like English?//一般疑问
    What do you like ? //特殊疑问,在一般疑问的基础上,将要问的东西Englishwhat代替提到句头.

五:英语的五种基本句型

写作阅读提示:
一个完整的句子都是由两个部分组成:主语+谓语,即陈诉对象+陈诉内容;但有时意思还不够完整,所以谓语后面有时需要宾语,宾语补足语,以及状语;
在分析复杂句子时,首先找到谓语,包括主语的谓语,各个从句的谓语;
在写句子时一定要知道谓语动词的用法特点,是否能直接接宾语,接什么形式的宾语,是不定式,还是动名词作宾语;

1. 主系表

系动词:连系动词,不起作用,只是起链接作用,表征主语的特征。

  • 表特征

    feel,look,sound,taste,smell,seem,appear
    the rose doesnt smell much

  • 状态变化

    become,grow,get,turn,fall,go,come
    the teacher become angry

  • 表状态

    continue,remain,stay,keep,hold,rest,prove

  • 主系表的复杂句(思考如何从复杂句中察觉主系表)
    Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals,including man.
    分解句子,就是Vitamins are organic compounds 维他命是有机化合物

2. 主谓

  • 主谓结构的谓语动词是不及物动词;也就是不能接宾语的动词;
    the dog hatched

  • 主谓复杂句
    The trend began during the Second World War,When several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail;

3. 主谓宾

谓语动词是及物动词,宾语是“所作用对象”;

Just like instant coffee,they want instant happiness

4. 主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语

谓语动词是双宾动词,这种动词后面所接受的成分有人也有物。这里的人表示动作的接受者,称为间接宾语;‘物’表示动作作用的对象,是动作的承受者,称为直接宾语;
he showed the guard his passport(the guard 间接宾语,his passport 直接宾语)

5. 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语

谓语动词是宾补动词,这种动词后面接宾语,此宾语后面又接宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语合起来就是复合宾语。
常见的宾补动词:appoint,believe,call,choose,consider,declare,elect,feel,find,keep,leave,make等
I very much hope that this new medium will make my Christmas message more personal and direct.

6. 从简单句到复合句

宏观结构层面,以点带面的贯穿从句(名,定,状)与谓语(时态,情态,虚拟)

主语-----句子充当主语---主语从句
宾语-----句子充当宾语---宾语从句
表语-----句子充当表语---表语从句
同位语----句子充当同位语---同位语从句

定语-----句子充当定语-----定语从句【定语即限定,一般是形容词做限定与修饰,所以又叫形容词从句】
状语-----句子充当状语-----状语从句【状语即一般是副词,修饰动词,形容词,副词,表示动词,形容词,副词的状态,用作状语】

六:英语时态

1. 一般进行时态

2. 正在进行时态

3. 一般将来时态

4. 完成时态

5. 完成进行时态

6. 虚拟语气

七:名词从句

名词从句就是用三种句子(陈述句,一般疑问句,特殊疑问句)来分别充当另外一个句子的句子成分。这三种句子放在另一个句子中要做各种变化调整

1. 简单与与名词从句关系

1. 陈述句作为句子成分

  1. 当把一个完整的陈述句当做名词来使用时,需要在陈诉句首加上that,使用that+陈述句充当句子的成分。
  2. 加上that主要是为了标记它所修饰的部分是从句,而并非句子的核心。
  3. 宾语从句有时that可以省略(具体在什么情况下可以省略?)

2. 一般疑问句作为句子成分

将一个一般疑问句当做名词使用时,需要先将疑问句倒装语序变成陈述语句语序。并在句首加上weather或者if来引导。
一般疑问句:will he come to my party?
名词从句:Whether he will come to my party makes no difference to my party。

3. 特殊疑问句作为句子成分

将一个特殊疑问句当做名词使用时,需要先将疑问句倒装成陈述句语序,然后分别充当另一句子的主语,宾语,表语,同位语成分。
Why did dinosaurs become extinct?
Why dinosaurs became extinct is staill a mystery.

2. 主语从句

1. 陈述句做主语

  • 示例一
    That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.
    that引导the sea are being overfished做主语

  • 示例二(It is 过去分词 that)
    It is reported that 据报道
    It is believed that 人们相信
    It is generally thought that 人们普遍认为
    It must be pointed that 必须指出的是

  • 示例三(It is 形容词 that)
    It is clear that
    It is possible that
    It is natural that

  • 示例四(It is 名词 that)
    It is a fact that
    It is a good thing that

2. 一般疑问句做主语

Whether he comes or not makes no difference to me.

3. 特殊疑问句作主语

What he told you is true
When the meeting is to be held has not yet been decided.

3. 宾语从句

1. 陈述句做宾语

What know (that) the world is round.

2. 一般疑问句作宾语

I do not know if he needs my help.
No one knew whether or not interest rates would rise.

3. 特殊疑问句作宾语

I have not decide whom I should vote for.
No one knows exactly how speech began.

4. 表语从句

1. 陈述句做表语

My idea is that the child should be send to school.

2. 一般疑问句作表语

My concern is whether he comes or not.

3. 特殊疑问句作表语

Monery is what we are badly in need of.

5. 同位语从句

同位语:用来补充说明名词的成分,当用一个完整的句子来补充说明名词时。
结构:名词+ 连词+ 同位语。

1. 陈述句做同位语

The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody.

2. 一般疑问句做同位语

They are faced with the problem whether they should continue to work.

3. 特殊疑问句作同位语

The question who should go abroad on this business tour requires consideration.

八:定语从句

九:状语从句

//不定式是什么,动名词是什么?分词是什么?,非谓语是什么?

十二:不定式

十三:动名词

十四:分词

十五:从句与非谓语

2018/11/16 posted in  英语能力